最简单易懂的Spring Security 身份认证流程讲解
导言
相信大伙对Spring Security这个框架又爱又恨,爱它的强大,恨它的繁琐,其实这是一个误区,Spring Security确实非常繁琐,繁琐到让人生厌。讨厌也木有办法呀,作为JavaEE的工程师们还是要面对的,在开始之前,先打一下比方(比方好可怜):
Spring Security 就像一个行政服务中心,如果我们去里面办事,可以办啥事呢?可以小到咨询简单问题、查询社保信息,也可以户籍登记、补办身份证,同样也可以大到企业事项、各种复杂的资质办理。但是我们并不需要跑一次行政服务中心,就挨个把业务全部办理一遍,现实中没有这样的人吧。
啥意思呢,就是说选择您需要的服务(功能),无视那些不需要的,等有需要的时候再了解不迟。这也是给众多工程师们的一个建议,特别是体系异常庞大的Java系,别动不动就精通,撸遍源码之类的,真没啥意义,我大脑的存储比较小,人生苦短,没必要。
回到正题!本文会以一种比较轻松的方式展开,不会是堆代码。
关于身份认证
Web 身份认证是一个后端工程师永远无法避开的领域,身份认证Authentication,和授权Authorization是不同的,Authentication指的是用户身份的认证,并不介入这个用户能够做什么,不能够做什么,仅仅是确认存在这个用户而已。而Authorization授权是建立的认证的基础上的,存在这个用户了,再来约定这个用户能补能够做一件事,这点大家要区分开。本文讲的是Authentication的故事,并不会关注权限。
热热身,让我们来温习一下身份认证的方式演变:
-
先是最著名的入门留言板程序,相信很多做后端的工程师都做过留言板,那是一个基本没有框架的阶段,回想一下是怎么认证的。表单输入用户名密码Submit,然后后端取到数据数据库查询,查不到的话无情地抛出一个异常,哦,密码错了;查到了,愉快的将用户ID和相关信息加密写入到Session标识中存起来,响应写入Cookie,后续的请求都解密后验证就行了,对吧。是的,身认证真可以简单到仅仅是匹配Session标识而已。令人沮丧的是现代互联网的发展早已经过了 Web2.0 的时代,客户端的出现让身份认证更加复杂。我们继续
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随着移动端的崛起,Android和ios占据主导,同样是用户登录认证,取到用户信息,正准备按图索骥写入Session回写Cookie的时候,等等!啥?Android不支持Cookie?这听起来不科学是吧,有点反人类是吧,有点手足无措是吧。
嘿嘿,聪明的人儿也许想到了办法,嗯,Android客户端不是有本地存储吗?把回传的数据存起来不就行了吗?又要抱歉了,Android本地存储并没有浏览器Cookie那么人性化,不会自动过期。没事,再注明过期时间,每次读取的时候判断就行啦,貌似可以了。
等等。客户端的Api接口要求轻量级,某一天一个队友想实现个性化的事情,竟然往Cookie了回传了一串字符串,貌似很方便,嗯。于是其他队友也效仿,然后Cookie变得更加复杂。此时Android队友一声吼,你们够了!STOP!我只要一个认证标识而已,够简单你们知道吗?还有Cookie过期了就要重新登陆,用户体验极差,产品经理都找我谈了几十次了,用户都快跑光了,你们还在往Cookie里加一些奇怪的东西。
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Oauth 2.0来了
有问题总要想办法解决是吧。客户端不是浏览器,有自己特有的交互约定,Cookie还是放弃掉了。这里就要解决五个问题:
需求一旦确定,方案呼之欲出,让我们来简单构思一下。
打完收工,要开始实现这套系统了。先别急呀,难道没觉得似曾相识吗?没错就是 Oauth 2.0 的 password Grant 模式!
Spring Security 是怎么认证的
先来一段大家很熟悉的代码:
http.formLogin()
.loginPage("/auth/login")
.permitAll()
.failureHandler(loginFailureHandler)
.successHandler(loginSuccessHandler);
Spring Security 就像一个害羞的大姑娘,就这么一段鬼知道他是怎么认证的,封装的有点过哈。不着急先看一张图:
这里做了一个简化,
根据JavaEE的流程,本质就是Filter过滤请求,转发到不同处理模块处理,最后经过业务逻辑处理,返回Response的过程。
当请求匹配了我们定义的Security Filter的时候,就会导向Security 模块进行处理,例如UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter,源码献上:
public class UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter extends AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter {
public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_USERNAME_KEY = "username";
public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_PASSWORD_KEY = "password";
private String usernameParameter = "username";
private String passwordParameter = "password";
private boolean postOnly = true;
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter() {
super(new AntPathRequestMatcher("/login", "POST"));
}
public Authentication attemptAuthentication(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws AuthenticationException {
if (this.postOnly && !request.getMethod().equals("POST")) {
throw new AuthenticationServiceException("Authentication method not supported: " + request.getMethod());
} else {
String username = this.obtainUsername(request);
String password = this.obtainPassword(request);
if (username == null) {
username = "";
}
if (password == null) {
password = "";
}
username = username.trim();
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authRequest = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, password);
this.setDetails(request, authRequest);
return this.getAuthenticationManager().authenticate(authRequest);
}
}
protected String obtainPassword(HttpServletRequest request) {
return request.getParameter(this.passwordParameter);
}
protected String obtainUsername(HttpServletRequest request) {
return request.getParameter(this.usernameParameter);
}
protected void setDetails(HttpServletRequest request, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authRequest) {
authRequest.setDetails(this.authenticationDetailsSource.buildDetails(request));
}
public void setUsernameParameter(String usernameParameter) {
Assert.hasText(usernameParameter, "Username parameter must not be empty or null");
this.usernameParameter = usernameParameter;
}
public void setPasswordParameter(String passwordParameter) {
Assert.hasText(passwordParameter, "Password parameter must not be empty or null");
this.passwordParameter = passwordParameter;
}
public void setPostOnly(boolean postOnly) {
this.postOnly = postOnly;
}
public final String getUsernameParameter() {
return this.usernameParameter;
}
public final String getPasswordParameter() {
return this.passwordParameter;
}
}
有点复杂是吧,不用担心,我来做一些伪代码,让他看起来更友善,更好理解。注意我写的单行注释
public class UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter extends AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter {
public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_USERNAME_KEY = "username";
public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_PASSWORD_KEY = "password";
private String usernameParameter = "username";
private String passwordParameter = "password";
private boolean postOnly = true;
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter() {
//1.匹配URL和Method
super(new AntPathRequestMatcher("/login", "POST"));
}
public Authentication attemptAuthentication(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws AuthenticationException {
if (this.postOnly && !request.getMethod().equals("POST")) {
//啥?你没有用POST方法,给你一个异常,自己反思去
throw new AuthenticationServiceException("Authentication method not supported: " + request.getMethod());
} else {
//从请求中获取参数
String username = this.obtainUsername(request);
String password = this.obtainPassword(request);
//我不知道用户名密码是不是对的,所以构造一个未认证的Token先
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken token = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, password);
//顺便把请求和Token存起来
this.setDetails(request, token);
//Token给谁处理呢?当然是给当前的AuthenticationManager喽
return this.getAuthenticationManager().authenticate(token);
}
}
}
是不是很清晰,问题又来了,Token是什么鬼?为啥还有已认证和未认证的区别?别着急,咱们顺藤摸瓜,来看看Token长啥样。上UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken:
public class UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken extends AbstractAuthenticationToken {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 510L;
private final Object principal;
private Object credentials;
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(Object principal, Object credentials) {
super((Collection)null);
this.principal = principal;
this.credentials = credentials;
this.setAuthenticated(false);
}
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(Object principal, Object credentials, Collection<? extends GrantedAuthority> authorities) {
super(authorities);
this.principal = principal;
this.credentials = credentials;
super.setAuthenticated(true);
}
public Object getCredentials() {
return this.credentials;
}
public Object getPrincipal() {
return this.principal;
}
public void setAuthenticated(boolean isAuthenticated) throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (isAuthenticated) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot set this token to trusted - use constructor which takes a GrantedAuthority list instead");
} else {
super.setAuthenticated(false);
}
}
public void eraseCredentials() {
super.eraseCredentials();
this.credentials = null;
}
}
一坨坨的真闹心,我再备注一下:
public class UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken extends AbstractAuthenticationToken {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 510L;
//随便怎么理解吧,暂且理解为认证标识吧,没看到是一个Object么
private final Object principal;
//同上
private Object credentials;
//这个构造方法用来初始化一个没有认证的Token实例
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(Object principal, Object credentials) {
super((Collection)null);
this.principal = principal;
this.credentials = credentials;
this.setAuthenticated(false);
}
//这个构造方法用来初始化一个已经认证的Token实例,为啥要多此一举,不能直接Set状态么,不着急,往后看
public UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(Object principal, Object credentials, Collection<? extends GrantedAuthority> authorities) {
super(authorities);
this.principal = principal;
this.credentials = credentials;
super.setAuthenticated(true);
}
//便于理解无视他
public Object getCredentials() {
return this.credentials;
}
//便于理解无视他
public Object getPrincipal() {
return this.principal;
}
public void setAuthenticated(boolean isAuthenticated) throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (isAuthenticated) {
//如果是Set认证状态,就无情的给一个异常,意思是:
//不要在这里设置已认证,不要在这里设置已认证,不要在这里设置已认证
//应该从构造方法里创建,别忘了要带上用户信息和权限列表哦
//原来如此,是避免犯错吧
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot set this token to trusted - use constructor which takes a GrantedAuthority list instead");
} else {
super.setAuthenticated(false);
}
}
public void eraseCredentials() {
super.eraseCredentials();
this.credentials = null;
}
}
搞清楚了Token是什么鬼,其实只是一个载体而已啦。接下来进入核心环节,AuthenticationManager是怎么处理的。这里我简单的过渡一下,但是会让你明白。
AuthenticationManager会注册多种AuthenticationProvider,例如UsernamePassword对应的DaoAuthenticationProvider,既然有多种选择,那怎么确定使用哪个Provider呢?我截取了一段源码,大家一看便知:
public interface AuthenticationProvider {
Authentication authenticate(Authentication var1) throws AuthenticationException;
boolean supports(Class<?> var1);
}
这是一个接口,我喜欢接口,简洁明了。里面有一个supports方法,返回时一个boolean值,参数是一个Class,没错,这里就是根据Token的类来确定用什么Provider来处理,大家还记得前面的那段代码吗?
//Token给谁处理呢?当然是给当前的AuthenticationManager喽
return this.getAuthenticationManager().authenticate(token);
因此我们进入下一步,DaoAuthenticationProvider,继承了AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider,恭喜您再坚持一会就到曙光啦。这个比较复杂,为了不让你跑掉,我将两个复杂的类合并,摘取直接触达接口核心的逻辑,直接上代码,会有所删减,让你看得更清楚,注意看注释:
public class DaoAuthenticationProvider extends AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider {
//熟悉的supports,需要UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken
public boolean supports(Class<?> authentication) {
return UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken.class.isAssignableFrom(authentication);
}
public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication) throws AuthenticationException {
//取出Token里保存的值
String username = authentication.getPrincipal() == null ? "NONE_PROVIDED" : authentication.getName();
boolean cacheWasUsed = true;
//从缓存取
UserDetails user = this.userCache.getUserFromCache(username);
if (user == null) {
cacheWasUsed = false;
//啥,没缓存?使用retrieveUser方法获取呀
user = this.retrieveUser(username, (UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken)authentication);
}
//...删减了一大部分,这样更简洁
Object principalToReturn = user;
if (this.forcePrincipalAsString) {
principalToReturn = user.getUsername();
}
return this.createSuccessAuthentication(principalToReturn, authentication, user);
}
protected final UserDetails retrieveUser(String username, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication) throws AuthenticationException {
try {
//熟悉的loadUserByUsername
UserDetails loadedUser = this.getUserDetailsService().loadUserByUsername(username);
if (loadedUser == null) {
throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException("UserDetailsService returned null, which is an interface contract violation");
} else {
return loadedUser;
}
} catch (UsernameNotFoundException var4) {
this.mitigateAgainstTimingAttack(authentication);
throw var4;
} catch (InternalAuthenticationServiceException var5) {
throw var5;
} catch (Exception var6) {
throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException(var6.getMessage(), var6);
}
}
//检验密码
protected void additionalAuthenticationChecks(UserDetails userDetails, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication) throws AuthenticationException {
if (authentication.getCredentials() == null) {
this.logger.debug("Authentication failed: no credentials provided");
throw new BadCredentialsException(this.messages.getMessage("AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider.badCredentials", "Bad credentials"));
} else {
String presentedPassword = authentication.getCredentials().toString();
if (!this.passwordEncoder.matches(presentedPassword, userDetails.getPassword())) {
this.logger.debug("Authentication failed: password does not match stored value");
throw new BadCredentialsException(this.messages.getMessage("AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider.badCredentials", "Bad credentials"));
}
}
}
}
到此为止,就完成了用户名密码的认证校验逻辑,根据认证用户的信息,系统做相应的Session持久化和Cookie回写操作。
Spring Security的基本认证流程先写到这里,其实复杂的背后是一些预定,熟悉了之后就不难了。
Filter->构造Token->AuthenticationManager->转给Provider处理->认证处理成功后续操作或者不通过抛异常
有了这些基础,后面我们再来扩展短信验证码登录,以及基于Oauth 2.0 的短信验证码登录。
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